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Regulation of tobacco products favors big tobacco, makes US farms less stable
Regulation of tobacco products favors big tobacco, makes US farms less stable
Regulation of tobacco products favors big tobacco, makes US farms less stable
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(Wiley-Blackwell) A proposed FDA regulation fails to address the suffering of migrant tobacco workers, the prevalence of smoking, and the redistribution of leaf production to the developing world, and it may actually favor the tobacco industry by reducing its liability for tobacco-related death and disease, by sustaining its operations around the world, and by strengthening its control over the terms of its contracts with US tobacco growers.
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Other Articles:
| • | Management of Cracking Puddled Soils and its Impact on Infiltration |
| A study of cracking soils management was conducted in the wet soil bin with nine soil management practice treatments to investigate their impact on infiltration rate. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCB) with three replications. It is observed that the management of cracking soils, even at an early stage of crack initiation, has a great influence on infiltration rate. Among the management practices, the hand hoe operation was found to be better than trampling to reduce the cracks when the crack width was 10 mm. It is also observed that there is no influence of crack number on infiltration if a soil management practice is included with irrigation. The study reveals that with a soil management practice, the cracks reduced or were removed in a short period of time even though the cracks were 10 mm wide. In contrast, without soil management, cracks remained open for a long period even after ponding. By practicing soil management during irrigation, a large volume of water can be saved which my help to bring more area under irrigation particularly where there are limited water resources. | |
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| • | Utility of a single adjusting compartment: a novel methodology for whole body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling |
| Background: There are various methods for predicting human pharmacokinetics. Among these, a whole body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (WBPBPK) model is useful because it gives a mechanistic description. However, WBPBPK models cannot predict human pharmacokinetics with enough precision. This study was conducted to elucidate the primary reason for poor predictions by WBPBPK models, and to enable better predictions to be made without reliance on complex concepts. Methods: The primary reasons for poor predictions of human pharmacokinetics were investigated using a generic WBPBPK model that incorporated a single adjusting compartment (SAC), a virtual organ compartment with physiological parameters that can be adjusted arbitrarily. The blood flow rate, organ volume, and the steady state tissue-plasma partition coefficient of a SAC were calculated to fit simulated to observed pharmacokinetics in the rat. The adjusted SAC parameters were fixed and scaled up to the human using a newly developed equation. Using the scaled-up SAC parameters, human pharmacokinetics were simulated and each pharmacokinetic parameter was calculated. These simulated parameters were compared to the observed data. Simulations were performed to confirm the relationship between the precision of prediction and the number of tissue compartments, including a SAC. Results: Increasing the number of tissue compartments led to an improvement of the average-fold error (AFE) of total body clearances (CLtot) and half-lives (T1/2) calculated from the simulated human blood concentrations of 14 drugs. The presence of a SAC also improved the AFE values of a ten-organ model from 6.74 to 1.56 in CLtot, and from 4.74 to 1.48 in T1/2. Moreover, the within-2-fold errors were improved in all models; incorporating a SAC gave results from 0 to 79% in CLtot, and from 14 to 93% in T1/2 of the ten-organ model. Conclusion: By using a SAC in this study, we were able to show that poor prediction resulted mainly from such physiological factors as organ blood flow rate and organ volume, which were not satisfactorily accounted for in previous WBPBPK models. The SAC also improved precision in the prediction of human pharmacokinetics. This finding showed that the methodology of our study may be useful for functionally reinforcing a WBPBPK model. | |
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| • | University of Oxford: Postdoctoral Research Assistant |
| Postdoctoral Research Assistant, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Posted on 25 July 2007. | |
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| • | [BOOK REVIEWS] A Clinical Guide to Epileptic Syndromes and Their Treatment, 2nd ed. |
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| • | canadiangeographic.ca - Canadian Geographic Magazine: Maps, Travel, Photographs, Geography Contests, and Canadian Geographic Magazine Subscriptions |
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| • | Microscope Stereoscopic |
| Welcome to WordPress. This is your first post. Edit or delete it, then start blogging! | |
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EurekAlert! - Policy and Ethics
By editor@weddingssitereviews.com - Copyright 2008 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science - version: v1.5 build A
By editor@weddingssitereviews.com - Copyright 2008 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science - version: v1.5 build A