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Revised theory suggests carbon dioxide levels already in danger zone
Revised theory suggests carbon dioxide levels already in danger zone
Revised theory suggests carbon dioxide levels already in danger zone
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(Yale University) If climate disasters are to be averted, atmospheric carbon dioxide must be reduced below the levels that already exist today, according to a study published in Open Atmospheric Science Journal by a group of 10 scientists from the United States, the United Kingdom and France.
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Other Articles:
| • | Influence of Cracking on Rice Seasons and Irrigation in Bangladesh |
| Winter dry season is mainly depends on irrigation. Because, the rainfall in this season is almost zero. At the end of this season, ground water mainly remains at about 10-12 meter depth. On the other hand, the crop then remains at booting to flowering stages. During this period, a huge number of cracks developed on the puddled field due to shortage of water. Consequently, the size and number of cracks depend on the irrigation interval, the intensity and duration of drought spell. The sizes of the cracks are range about 10-30 mm wide. Normally, the major cracks goes below puddled layer of 70-100 mm and almost all the cracks are interlinked and remain active through the growing season. Therefore, a major portion of the irrigation water lost through this cracks. Hence, a large area remains fallow due to proper management and shortage of irrigation water. Therefore, irrigation application efficiency to be increased in cracking soils by reducing seepage and drainage losses in paddies. As a result, it is important to develop irrigation scheduling of rice for cracking soils on the basis of crack size rather than estimating crop water requirements based on evapotranspiration (ET) demand. | |
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| • | Utility of a single adjusting compartment: a novel methodology for whole body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling |
| Background: There are various methods for predicting human pharmacokinetics. Among these, a whole body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (WBPBPK) model is useful because it gives a mechanistic description. However, WBPBPK models cannot predict human pharmacokinetics with enough precision. This study was conducted to elucidate the primary reason for poor predictions by WBPBPK models, and to enable better predictions to be made without reliance on complex concepts. Methods: The primary reasons for poor predictions of human pharmacokinetics were investigated using a generic WBPBPK model that incorporated a single adjusting compartment (SAC), a virtual organ compartment with physiological parameters that can be adjusted arbitrarily. The blood flow rate, organ volume, and the steady state tissue-plasma partition coefficient of a SAC were calculated to fit simulated to observed pharmacokinetics in the rat. The adjusted SAC parameters were fixed and scaled up to the human using a newly developed equation. Using the scaled-up SAC parameters, human pharmacokinetics were simulated and each pharmacokinetic parameter was calculated. These simulated parameters were compared to the observed data. Simulations were performed to confirm the relationship between the precision of prediction and the number of tissue compartments, including a SAC. Results: Increasing the number of tissue compartments led to an improvement of the average-fold error (AFE) of total body clearances (CLtot) and half-lives (T1/2) calculated from the simulated human blood concentrations of 14 drugs. The presence of a SAC also improved the AFE values of a ten-organ model from 6.74 to 1.56 in CLtot, and from 4.74 to 1.48 in T1/2. Moreover, the within-2-fold errors were improved in all models; incorporating a SAC gave results from 0 to 79% in CLtot, and from 14 to 93% in T1/2 of the ten-organ model. Conclusion: By using a SAC in this study, we were able to show that poor prediction resulted mainly from such physiological factors as organ blood flow rate and organ volume, which were not satisfactorily accounted for in previous WBPBPK models. The SAC also improved precision in the prediction of human pharmacokinetics. This finding showed that the methodology of our study may be useful for functionally reinforcing a WBPBPK model. | |
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| • | University of Washington: Assistant Professor |
| Assistant Professor, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7940. Posted on 25 July 2007. | |
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| • | [LETTERS] Metronidazole-Induced and Wernicke Encephalopathy: Two Different Entities Sharing the Same Metabolic Pathway? |
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| • | mirakeloptical.com - Mirakel Optical Company Inc. |
| 2007, binocular, binoculars, catalog, different, durability, fully, inspect , item, ll, receive, reject sure, request, service, suppliers, telescopes, unsatisfactory reject, year | |
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| • | Stereoscopic-Microscope |
| Welcome to WordPress. This is your first post. Edit or delete it, then start blogging! | |
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EurekAlert! - Policy and Ethics
By editor@weddingssitereviews.com - Copyright 2008 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science - version: v1.5 build A
By editor@weddingssitereviews.com - Copyright 2008 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science - version: v1.5 build A